净零能量PV或A/C负载尺寸的PV？
一个相当大的问题 -
Net Zero Energy building standard is ramping up in Canada. It is obvious to many however the target should instead be Net Zero Carbon with the inclusion of a Life Cycle Analysis of the building.
Anyway, the Net Zero Energy standard includes a PV array to generate as much electricity annually as the house consumes in energy (of all fuel types). In Canada the vast majority of the solar electricity is generated over six sunny months. This might have implications or a poor match for some electricity grids that use the most electricity in winter.
NZ PV系统的规模如何与当地公用事业，网格和季节性需求的需求相吻合？NZ PV大小的阵列比实践更任意吗？
尺寸的PV尺寸以满足房屋的需求或负载是一个更好的主意吗？对于夏季A/C的峰值电网似乎很实用。光伏将小两倍，更便宜。光伏可以取代气体峰值功率，因此可以取代明显的温室气体。与全国范围内采用的粗毯相比，我正在考虑本地优化（现在听起来很熟悉吗？）
谢谢，
GBA细节库
由气候和房屋部分组织的一千个建筑细节的集合
Replies
>目标应为净碳净碳
NZC比NZE好一些，但是您真的不想在建筑物周围画一个盒子，并将其优化为零零。如果您优化了更大的规模，则可以更少的价格做更多的费用。例如，公用事业量表PV的成本效益比在NZ建筑物中经常使用的建筑规模PV高2-3倍。
不幸的是，有许多政策制定者不了解这一点，并且正在浪费资金。房屋上的太阳能电池板是错误的解决方案（当有网格连接时）。
>“ PV的成本效益比在NZ建筑物中经常使用的建筑规模的PV高2-3倍”
Jon, would it be fair to say most of the extra cost goes into labor? Or are there other variables like panel rates.
您可能会在下面找到该信息。请注意，我是保守的 - 住宅光伏可能比公用事业量表高5倍。
https://www.lazard.com/media/451086/lazards-levelized-cost-cost-of-energy-version-130-vf.pdf
>"Is the NZ PV sized array more arbitrary than practical?"
我目前的感觉是，零零的整个概念有些任意。部分原因是乔恩提到的原因以及您提到网格平衡问题的原因，等等。
我很想知道如何最好地“花钱”。从某些指标来看，尽可能合适的光伏系统是最好的，但是我认为有一段时间我们正在考虑在结构上进行其他投资的成本平衡。
该分析还需要确保包括光伏系统的“体现”能量和碳。
我在乔恩（Jon）的《公用事业量表》概念中看到的唯一问题是，可能缺少环境外部性。换句话说，公用事业PV可能是更好的$/二氧化碳，但不一定更好地对行星撞击/二氧化碳。当然，这取决于特定的公用事业项目。有些可能很好。如果他们开始在原本会增长的空间/栖息地等方面发展，那么就会引起人们的关注。
使用建筑屋顶区域应该是田地或特雷德区域的资源优势。？
房主通过低成本抵押贷款为他们的光伏提供资金，使数字还可以并利用私人财富。您的观点是被提出的 - 如果我们可以利用私人财富进入太阳能农场，则可能会进一步发展。
Would it be possible the have a system that is not grid tied? This for example could run the air conditioning with or even without an inverter? Would eliminate hassle for the utilities. I wonder if utilities actually welcome the idea of tens of thousands of supply interconnects?
另一个想法是一对PV，可以补充电水罐将其绑在主面板上。无需逆变器。我相信DC元素可用。
The Net Zero Carbon opportunity is storing carbon sequestered in biomass in the building for a hundred years. This compared to either burning that biomass for power and releasing its carbon or using conventional insulation that produces significant GHGs.
您可能会发现公用事业将不会总是为连接的太阳能鼓掌，因为一旦达到了临界太阳能，它就会面临一些挑战。也就是说，事情正在发生变化，无论如何，它很快就会成为现实（这意味着管理具有许多可变可再生能源的网格：VRE）。这是一个重要的话题，有时会引起一些争议，当然是一个不确定性的兔子洞。
您可以选择不绑在网格中，但是我看不出带来什么优势。该网格使您不使用它时可以分享多余的一代，并在需要时借鉴额外的电源。分享很好。您可以将网格视为存储空间（尽管它更像是一家银行，因为金钱/能源实际上并没有在等待中闲着；它只是将其移至其他地方所需的位置。
Sizing solar to meet year-round energy demand strikes me as a way to basically 1) feel good about your personal project, or 2) 'optimize' your dollars based on other set parameters, like the size of the house and the cost of the kitchen counters.
并非所有净零能源房屋都会在同一时间范围内支付其碳债务。也许这表明了NZE概念的谬误。您提到的体现碳的兴趣越来越大。
//m.etiketa4.com/article/a-better-path-path-path-to-a-low-carbon-future
This isn't all to say solar shouldn't go on the roof. It's to say one should perhaps simply put up as big a system as desired / can afford (or as Jon suggests invest in community solar, though I agree with you that we ought to use our roofs since they are there looking up at the sky anyways). Land use issues will become ever more present as the grid transitions more fully to renewables.
>“另一个想法是一对PV，可以补充电水箱扎在主面板上。”
Thermal storage could prove valuable. But I would still argue we're better off with all the systems tied together. The larger the balancing area, the less likely we are to curtail renewable generation or demand other supply sources.
您不需要AC或DC元素。RMS AC电压的定义是AC电压，其将产生与电阻载荷中相同DC电压相同的工作量。由于加热元件是电阻载荷，因此用240V直流功率喂养的240V AC元件将在瓦特中提供完全相同的热能。
您遇到的问题是，由于缺乏零横交，DC更难打开和关闭，以帮助跨切换触点解散弧线。这基本上意味着您的热水器中的加热元件在直流电源上运行会很好，但是接触器（典型继电器的精美名称）可能无法很好地处理。您需要更换控制组件，以将AC热水器转换为直流操作，而不是加热元件本身。
只使用峰值刮胡子太阳系(load reduction during the time when solar is producing power), and call it good. Peak power is both most expensive, and usually also least efficient, so using solar power to reduce peak loads provides maximum benefit at minimal cost.
我之前也说过，我讨厌碳是能量代名词的概念 - 事实并非如此。这在加拿大尤其是一个问题，其中绝大多数消耗的电力是由没有碳排放的水力发电产生的。坚持能量，甚至在物理事物中体现能量，也不要尝试用碳处理所有东西。
Bill
>"I’ve said before too that I hate the concept of carbon being synonymous with energy — it is not. "
I think that's the point Bill, and why people are using carbon in place of energy for discussions that pertain to climate specifically. It's good not to equate them. But if someone's goal is reducing carbon, then the discussion should revolve around carbon (really CO2e). I would think anyways.
有时能量和碳可能是一个不错的代理。其他时候也走了。你是对的，这是一个明显的观点。
Thanks Bill, what about using the enphase micro inverter at the PV panel - would that solve the problem of having to upgrade the hot water tank switch?
That is also my thesis to focus on shaving peak power production on summer afternoons as this should have multiple benefits at the lowest cost. Again in Canada we typically have really low emissions power barring AB SK and NS.
我衷心地不同意具体的碳。有一个很棒的机会可以隔离大气碳并使用生物材料将其存储在建筑物中。我们有义务尽快对所有新建筑物进行此操作的速度正在移动。
Any inverter that is providing you with AC power to run things will be fine with the water heater as long as it has enough capacity to run it. Resistive loads are the easiest loads to power. It’s typically reactive loads (motors, a few other things) that can be tricky sometimes.
Bill
热点具有非网格绑定的太阳能空调的热泵。伦诺克斯（Lennox）具有太阳能集成泵系统，但绑定了网格。
https://www.hotspotenergy.com/solar-air-conditioner/