_本系列播客节选自为期两天的“建筑科学基础”课程,由建筑科学公司的Joe Lstiburek博士和John Straube博士授课
有关参加直播课程的信息,请访问buildingscienceseminars.com.
在我们的最后一集中,约翰博士讨论了20世纪中叶,允许我们建造浪费的建筑物。在这个节目中,他解释了如何提高建筑物的能源效率是解决全球能源和气候问题的最经济的方式。他还列出了他的核心绿色建筑策略。
__________________________________________________
本次研讨会并不是如何生产廉价,清洁能源,但它是如何节省能源的。关于节约能源的原因之一是解决能源安全气候变化问题的最低成本,最低的环境影响方法。任何将数字投入到它的人都没有太大的论据,但购买光伏面板并将其扔到屋顶上是很容易和性感的。但往往是最不性感和更难的方法是最好的方法。
建筑物应该比他们更好
国际气候变化小组 - 为您提供有关水平如何上升的人的人 - 也完成了关于我们作为地球上的社会的报告,以减少二氧化碳排放以及它会花费的内容。他们看着所有这些类别,包括建筑物,并说:“所以,它会花费20美元的价格 - 每吨多少二氧化碳可以节省20美元?”无论您在碳上的价格是多少,建筑都是节省二氧化碳排放的最大形式。因此,您可以通过进行建筑物减少20%,以达到20%的费用减少20%的费用。关于建筑物的另一件事是它们是减少二氧化碳的最低成本方法。如果您想通过拥有更多燃油效率的汽车减少二氧化碳,这将花费更多。事实上,即使在非常昂贵的水平上,也很难减少运输部门的二氧化碳排放量。您可以在农业部门进行,但您不能在运输部门进行。另一方面,建筑物以最低成本的增量,将节省最多的二氧化碳。我喜欢这项研究的一条线,即经济学家杂志也重演并引用的是,当他们看着它时,建筑似乎是目前是非理性的设计,在经济上,他们应该已经比他们的能量更少 - 没有碳 tax at all—and that’s absolutely what we see when we look at our building designs. And it’s like, well, but that doesn’t even make sense today, with gas at 11 dollars a therm and electricity at 10 or 12 cents a kilowatt hour—and yet we continue to do it. It’s mostly a disconnect of what can be done at what cost to reach what end.
有些人明白能源效率的价值
另一个雪佛龙的广告说,好消息是我们有一个巨大的替代能源来源;它叫做保护。美国最大的石油公司之一在各大报纸上刊登广告,说你应该节约——而不是浪费——节约石油,有人觉得这很有趣吗?你觉得他们可能知道一些我们不知道的事吗?事实上,我们在工业方面取得了巨大的进步,减少了能源消耗。我们已经有了所有工业产出的能量含量。在同一时期,日本经济的能源含量减少了4倍。日本不太关心能源价格上涨,尤其是石油价格上涨的原因之一是,他们每年的石油使用量都在减少。每GDP产出,他们使用的石油不多,所以这对他们的生活影响不大。如果你在英国,你花了7美元50美分每加仑,价格上涨了50美分,这并不是很明显。 When you’re paying 3 bucks and it goes up 50 cents, you actually notice. So, a lot of countries are much better equipped to handle these increases in energy costs than is America. Countries that are least able to handle it are always the same: the poor ones in sub-Saharan Africa, and Bangladesh. They’re the ones that are actually being hit the hardest. Now, Royal Dutch Shell is the second-largest privately held oil company in the world, and recently they’ve been rattling the chain as well. This is from a letter to the editor of the London Times saying efforts to fight global warming will be wasted unless we concentrate on energy efficiency. Again, second-largest oil company on the planet, writing letters to the editor saying you’ve got to focus on energy efficiency. I think this is unbelievable, and no one seems to be paying attention—that this is a huge shift in mentality on the energy-supply side, huge.
很多改进空间
我们注意到的是油价在上涨,这两者是相连的。简单的油就做好了。如果我们改用煤炭,就会造成更多的二氧化碳问题。所以,我们现在能做的最简单、成本最低、影响最大的事情就是停止犯傻——也就是说,停止浪费。美国经济中95%的能源都被浪费了;95%。现在,我们在这里做得更好,因为你可以注意到这里的灯是白炽灯泡,因此它们将电转化为光的效率不到2%。如果你看看美国典型的能源发电组合,它的效率约为30%;所以,30%的效率乘以2%的效率,是的,大约是0.7%的效率。所以,从煤到光,0.7%的效率。 Wow, that sucks doesn’t it? Now, in this particular example, we could multiply that by 5 by replacing the fryer bulbs that are keeping us warm and keeping the air conditioner running, with compact fluorescents, and that would make economic sense the day they were installed, because the moment that this thing with a 2000-hour life had to be replaced, the labor cost of that first replacement pays for the whole CFL. Forget energy. It’s got nothing to do with energy. Just the replacement and labor costs. But do we have incandescent bulbs in here? Yep. Why? Cause…what is the answer? Cause we’re stupid. I can’t really think of any other explanation as to why we would be putting incandescent floodlights that we then cover half the light output on and bounce off a dark-colored surface—because if we actually looked at the efficiency of lighting the table, that .7% number I just calculated? Probably cut it in half again. So when you look across the economy and you look at all kinds of processes and things that we do, 95% is an optimistic number that we throw…we’re 5% efficient. And it’s pretty easy to be 20% efficient. That’s a lot of room to move; that’s the good news. The good news is that we actually can solve the problem. The bad news is that we really haven’t been doing anything.
并非所有的绿色建筑都是可持续的
这与绿色建筑有什么关系呢?首先,绿色建筑意识到这里有一个问题。有一大堆议程正在满足绿色环保标签,但可持续建筑或可持续社会能否持续或继续生产长期没有不良影响的必要条件在未来支持相同的活动。这是一个真正的定义。绿色我们可以讨论;可持续,在字典里是正确的。我们知道这意味着什么。我们离建造可持续建筑还很遥远。当我听到这个词时,我就想,“天哪,我们也要稀释这个品牌吗?”绿色品牌已经被稀释,很多人对此持怀疑态度。 But don’t screw up what is actually a well-defined term called sustainable and say, “I’m making a sustainable building.” No, I’m building a more sustainable building. My building is net-zero energy or something like that, but it sure ain’t sustainable. But what we could do is minimize nonrenewable energy and resource use, and that might be a greener building than our current buildings. Who knows? What we do know is that green buildings are durable, because if they last twice as long, they use half as many resources over their life. Pretty simple. That’s an easy one. But, of course, to be able to be used for 50 years they also have to be functional. If you don’t design a building that is able to be functional, what’s the sense of having it in the first place? And, of course, that’s where the beautiful comes in, too. People will look after and want to use it.
那么,这与绿色建筑有什么关系呢?建筑科学就是让建筑运转的科学。它不在字典里,因为如果你在字典里查建筑科学,你不会找到一个条目,因为建筑科学真的不是那么普遍。但我们的定义是让建筑工作起来。绿色建筑是指比普通建筑工作得更好的建筑。他们做得很好。它们更耐用,更节能,更舒适,更健康。他们只是把建筑做得很好。这些东西的汇合是建筑科学的绿色一面。我们所做的常规建筑工作不是绿色的,它关注的是能源,舒适,腐烂,霉菌和腐蚀,不被起诉,造价低廉,不被烧毁。 But there’s a huge overlap with the green side of reducing energy consumption, making a durable building, using materials that are sensible. And the building science is, in essence, inextricably connected to the green buildings.
建立绿色的几个步骤
以下是我的绿色建筑策略。我们试着把它们都放在一个幻灯片上,当然这是不可能的,但是,首先要保持简单和小。好吧,那很简单。所谓简单,我们指的是理想的紧凑的形状,但我们也指的是保持简单,这样就不会有太多的小部件,小工具,以及可能出错和坏掉的东西。有方向感,尊重太阳,风雨。然后减少热量的损失和增加,这意味着大量的绝缘和避免热桥;使用非常好的窗户;使建筑物密封,然后通风到适当的水平。然后我们通过使用高效的电器来避免能源的使用。记住,最有效的设备是关闭的。
现在在美国大概有超过一个平均水平的发电厂在使用,用来照亮没有人的楼梯间。所以即使我在美国没人的每个楼梯间都装上荧光灯,也不是很有效,因为那里没人。它的效率是零。你必须能在周围没人的时候把东西关掉。风扇必须关掉,灯必须关掉等等。我们利用采光和运动传感器来实现这一点。这不仅仅是一个高效率的发动机,它还有一个控制系统来关闭它;因为最有效的方法是,第一,关掉控制器,对吧?然后是耐久性,排水,密封,干燥是我认为的耐久性(我们将在整个研讨会中讨论很多这方面的内容),然后,只有这样我们才能生产可再生能源。在你完成所有这些事情之前,安装光伏或太阳能热水是没有意义的。 And small wind turbines—the ones that are this big around—make less sense than even photovoltaics because the physics require that they be large. You might have noticed that most commercial wind turbine projects use really big, large turbines because that makes them efficient, and efficient means they are less costly. Now, efficient makes them greener, right? Fewer materials used for electricity generated. A whole bunch of little 8-ft.-diameter wind turbines is actually not very green. You’re better off pooling your resources and getting big wind turbines. That’s a much greener and economic and sensible thing. It’s also more economical to put lots of insulation in.
狭小的建筑仍比太阳能电池板便宜
所以,基本的策略总是你从建筑的形状和方向开始,除了在餐巾阶段的设计,这不需要任何成本。一旦你大大降低了建筑的能源消耗,使用可再生能源就有了意义。现在,我们可以说,马萨诸塞州的光伏发电——没有任何补贴或类似的东西——每千瓦时的成本约为50美分。这是昂贵的。另一方面,如果你将你的能源使用减少3倍,你的总能源账单不会改变你已经支付的,因为即使每千瓦时的成本很高,你使用了更少的千瓦时。顺便说一下,这两件事已经交汇了一段时间。正常的电力成本一直在上升,可再生能源的成本一直在下降,人们已经能够想出如何使用更少的电力。所以保持你的电费账单是有意义的——你实际上可以保持你的电费账单不变,如果你真的走得足够远的话,你可以使用光伏发电。我们还没到那一步,但已经很接近了;有了补贴,我们就成功了。
当可再生能源使经济意义上
现在,鉴于现有的建筑物库存,我们将不得不改造很多,这为我们提供了可再生能源的机会,并急剧降低负荷。这是可再生能源每年增长15%的剧情。我会告诉你,每年的光伏和风力发电量的增长超过20%至30%。因此,过去五年或七年的增长率远远超过每年15%。并且这种复合兴趣意味着它们可以产生在这个国家需要的大量电力。但与此同时,我们必须减少建筑物的能源消耗。因此,能源消耗通常增长约3%-2%至每年3%至3% - 最后,而这是红线。我们所要做的是每年效率的效率涨幅约为4%,然后两件事将在25年内收敛。如果雇用两种策略,可再生能源可以提供我们建筑所需的大部分能源。这是一个强大的组合。 Of course, even beyond 2035 or so, we should be moving from the paradigm of doing less evil, which is where we are right now—let’s make our buildings pollute less, let’s make them less stupid—to make them smart. Move from the turd-polishing to make them jewels. That is a hard job, and people are just dabbling in the research community, but it’s probably not something where anyone needs to go out and build a whole bunch of buildings. We have to figure this out. We’ve got a lot of normal buildings that we can do a lot easily on.
所以,生产能量,清洁空气和水 - 这是绿色屋顶应该做的一个,对吧?您实际上可以清洁建筑物周围的一些空气和水,增强当地生态学 - 你知道,让浣熊住在你的屋顶上。重用材料,使用低冲击再循环的材料,不使用能量。但这真的很远。在未来三个月里,我们有很多问题可以解决未来三年,这是更重要的。显然,廉价的石油已经用完了。可能有一些非常深刻的变化,也许现在我们正在进行中。能源安全是一个真正的挑战,特别是当你想到气候变化的限制时。根据定义,绿色建筑在他们的生活中使用更少的资源 - 超过预期的设计生活。一个知道的方式之一就是计算。 How much energy, how many yards of concrete—that’s one of the ways to assess this. So, just for someone to say they’re green is about as useless as just saying they’re green. It doesn’t mean anything. Everyone’s green. And then, efficiency and renewables, which are going to be the path forward—at some point, that’s where we’re going to put all of our efforts—will require lots of retrofit and will require a lot higher efficiency than we already have in our buildings. We need to take our buildings to a much different level: Somewhere between reducing energy consumption by one-half to two-thirds is where we probably should go before we start putting a lot of effort into renewables. But when you do that you can get some pretty nice combinations.
3评论
乔博士在北卡罗来纳州11月9日
Joe将在北卡罗来纳州的北卡罗来纳州夏洛特凌晨8点凌晨8点至下午3:30讲话。
更多信息:http://www.hbacharlotte.com/cmt_display.cfm?eid=155
约翰Straube
John Straube博士将成为12月1日的主题演讲者,在佛罗里达州棕榈港的绿色和建筑强大会议上进行了主题演讲者。注册http://www.DisasterSafety.org/conference
可持续的词
我读过《绿色建设者》杂志,“可持续”这个词被频繁使用,但我对它的上下文与周围段落的关系感到不舒服。谢谢你对这个问题的看法。
登录或创建帐户以发表评论。
注册 登录